Summary

Leif Erikson (Icelandic: Leifur Eiríksson), born around 970 in Eiríksstaðir in Iceland and died around 1020 probably in Greenland, is an Icelandic explorer. He is one of the best known figures of the Viking expansion.

He was the first European to discover the North American continent. Leif was the son of Erik the Red, the founder of the first North American Viking settlement in Greenland. The Icelandic sagas, and more specifically the Vinland sagas, tell of his discovery of lands beyond Greenland, commonly identified with the northeastern coasts of North America, around Labrador and Newfoundland. He established a northern settlement at Vinland, identified by archaeological finds as probably L'Anse aux Meadows, and probably explored the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Childhood and family

Leif Erikson, sometimes spelled Ericson (anglicized form) or Eiríksson (original form), is one of the three sons of Erik the Red and Thjóðhild. He is also the grandson of Thorvald Ásvaldsson. He is also related to Naddoddr, a Norwegian Viking who was one of the first settlers of the Faroe Islands and one of the first to discover Iceland.

Leif Erikson's year of birth is most often around 970 or 980. Although his birthplace is not mentioned in the sagas, it is likely that he was born in Iceland, probably somewhere on the coast of Breiðafjörður, and perhaps at the farm Haukadal where Thjóðhild's family resides. Nevertheless, it is accepted that Eiríksstaðir where Erik the Red resides is more likely the birthplace of Leif Erikson. Leif has two brothers, Thorsteinn and Thorvald, and a half-sister. Another half-sister, Thurid, is sometimes mentioned.

Thorvald Ásvaldsson was outlawed in Norway for murder and fled with his young son Erik the Red to Iceland. When Erik himself is banished from Iceland, he travels further west to a region he calls Greenland where he establishes a first permanent settlement in 986. Tyrkir, one of Erik's thralls, was entrusted with the care of Erik's children, which led to him being considered by Leif as his "adoptive father".

Discovering Vinland

Leif's first journey took him to the Hebrides and then to Norway around the year 1000, to the court of the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason, who convinced him to convert to Christianity and to take a priest to Greenland to introduce the religion to that region. This deeply displeases his father, a pagan who had succeeded in establishing his domination over the colonies. The Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders, both written around 1200, contain different accounts of the voyages to Vinland. The only two strictly historical mentions of Vinland are in Adam of Bremen's Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (c. 1075) and Ari Þorgilsson's Book of the Icelanders (c. 1122). According to the Saga of Erik the Red, Leif saw Vinland for the first time after being diverted from his route back to Greenland.

According to the literal interpretation of linguist Einar Haugen's translation of the two sagas in his book Voyages to Vinland, Leif was not the first European to "discover" the New World: he heard the story of a merchant, Bjarni Herjólfsson, who claimed to have sighted land west of Greenland around 986. However, Bjarni Herjólfsson would never have set foot there. Leif would therefore have found "self-seeded wheat fields and vines". He then rescued two men shipwrecked on these lands and allowed them to return to Greenland. Therefore, if Bjarni Herjólfsson is the first European to see America beyond Greenland, the two unnamed shipwrecked men are the first known Europeans to have gone there.

Leif is said to have approached Bjarni Herjólfsson, buying his ship and gathering a crew of thirty-five men to mount an expedition to the land Bjarni had described. His father, Erik the Red, was ready to join him, but gave up after he fell off his horse, an incident he interpreted as a bad omen.

Leif follows the opposite route of Bjarni Herjólfsson and discovers first a rocky and desolate place which he names Helluland ("country of the flat stone"). It would probably be about the island of Baffin.

After venturing further out to sea, he landed a second time on a wooded coast which he named Markland ("land of the forest"). This would almost certainly be the eastern coast of present-day Labrador.

Finally, after two more days at sea, he discovered a green area with a mild climate and abundant supplies of salmon. As winter approaches, he decides to camp there and splits his party into two: one to stay in camp and the other to explore the land. During one of these explorations, Tyrkir discovered that the land was full of vines and grapes. This would probably be the present site of Bay St Lawrence on the north side of Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. Leif named the land Vinland ("wine country"). There he and his crew built a small settlement, later called Leifsbudir ("Leif's Houses") by visitors from Greenland. After spending the winter in Vinland, Leif returned to Greenland in the spring with a cargo of grapes and wood. On the return journey, he saves an Icelandic shipwrecked man and his crew, earning him the nickname "Lucky Leif".

Afterwards, Leif encouraged other expeditions of his relatives to the west, but with his father dead, he resumed his duties as chief and had little opportunity to go to sea again. He still had to deal with the case of his half-sister Freydis Eiriksdottir, guilty of blood crimes with her crew during a last voyage to Vinland. His son Thorkell Leifsson took over the control of the Greenlandic colonies at his death, around 1025.

Profile, piety and descent

Leif is described as a wise, caring and strong looking man. While in the Hebrides, he fell in love with a noble woman, Thorgunna, who gave birth to his son Thorgils. The latter was then sent to Leif in Greenland, but he did not become notable enough to be mentioned in the sagas.

After Leif's first trip to Vinland, he returned to his family's estate at Brattahlid ("escarpment") in Greenland and began preaching Christianity to the Greenlanders. His father, Erik the Red, reacted coldly to the suggestion that he abandon his religion, while his mother Thjóðhildr quickly converted and built a church called Thjóðhild's church or chapel. Leif is last mentioned alive in 1019, and in 1025 he passed the chieftainship of Eiríksfjǫrðr ("Erik's Fjord," present-day Tunulliarfik Fjord) to another son, Thorkell. Nothing is mentioned about his death in the sagas: he probably died in Greenland between these dates. Nothing else is known of his family beyond Thorkell's succession as chief.

Historical importance

Leif Erikson's successful expedition to Vinland encouraged other Vikings to make the journey. The first apparent contact between the Vikings and the indigenous peoples, whom they later named skrælingar (probably Mi'kmaq), was made by his brother Thorvald and led to hostilities and killings. In the end, no permanent Viking settlement remained in Vinland, although sporadic trips to at least the Markland for trade, ore or timber may have lasted for centuries.

The lack of information and the light tone of references to these areas in the sagas may suggest that the discovery was not considered particularly significant by the Vikings at the time, or that it was not considered public knowledge, or both. Knowledge of the Vinland voyages could have spread around medieval Europe, as writers such as Adam of Bremen make mention of distant lands to the west. It has even been suggested that knowledge of Vinland's existence could have been preserved in European ports until the 15th century and that Christopher Columbus, who claimed in a letter to have visited Iceland in 1477, could have obtained this information.

Research conducted in the early 1960s by Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, identified a northern settlement at the northern tip of Newfoundland. It is suggested that this site, known as L'Anse aux Meadows, is Leifsbudir. The Ingstad couple demonstrated that the Vikings had reached America about 500 years before Columbus. Later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been located in the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that L'Anse aux Meadows was a ship repair station and staging point for voyages there. This does not necessarily contradict the identification of L'Anse aux Meadows with Leifsbudir, since both sagas seem to describe Vinland as a larger area and one that includes several settlements. The Saga of Erik the Red mentions two other settlements in Vinland: one called Straumfjörðr ("fjord of the currents") which was beyond Furdustrandir and where Thorfinn Karlsefni is said to have settled, and the other called Hóp ("lagoon"), located further south. Since then, excavations have led to the discovery of a new settlement at Pointe Rosée in 2016, which once again confirms the existence of a Viking settlement in the Americas.

Popular culture

The stories of Leif's journey to North America have had a profound effect on the identity and self-perception of Scandinavian Americans and Nordic immigrants to the United States. Several statues of Leif Erikson have thus been erected in his memory: in Boston (by Anne Whitney in 1887, at the instigation of Eben Norton Horsford), in Milwaukee (Leif, the Discoverer, a copy of the one in Boston), in Chicago (for the 1893 World's Fair and in connection with the Viking's arrival, a replica of Gokstad's ship that crossed the Atlantic from Bergen for the occasion, in front of the Minnesota State Capitol in Saint Paul (in 1956) or in front of the Hallgrímskirkja in Reykjavik (by Alexander Stirling Calder). Another work of art created for the 1893 World's Fair is the painting Leif Erikson discovers America (1893) by Christian Krohg. This painting, owned by a Chicago memorial association to Leif Erikson, was donated to the National Gallery in Oslo in 1900.

On the centennial of the first official immigration of a Norwegian to America, U.S. President Calvin Coolidge publicly stated at the Minnesota State Fair in 1925 that Leif had indeed been the first European to discover America. A replica of the drakkar built to commemorate Leif Erikson's voyage was made in 1926 in Norway.

The sagas do not give the exact date of Leif Erikson's arrival in America, they only state that it was in the fall. Following a suggestion the 9th of October was therefore designated, since the date chosen corresponds to the day the ship Restoration entered New York harbor in 1825 with the first group of Norwegian immigrants to America.

In 1929, the Wisconsin Legislature passed a bill to make October 9 Leif Erikson Day in the state. The bill was signed by Governor Walter J. Kohler Sr. in May of that year. In 1964, the United States Congress established the holiday to honor the Viking discoverer of America.

In cinema and television

Leif Erikson is the hero of the American animated film Leif Ericson: The Boy Who Discovered America, released in 2000.

Leif Erikson is one of the main characters of the television series Vikings: Valhalla, which will be broadcast on Netflix in 2022. He is played by the Australian actor Sam Corlett.

Sources

1. Leif Erikson
2. Leif Erikson
3. ^ The patronym is Anglicized in various ways in the United States; according to one source, Leif Ericson is the most common rendering on the East Coast, while Leif Erikson is the most common rendering on the West Coast.[1] Erikson is the spelling widely used and recognized by many others.[2][3][4][5] Old Norse: Leifr Eiríksson [ˈlɛivz̠ ˈɛiˌriːksˌson]; Modern Icelandic: Leifur Eiríksson [ˈleiːvʏr ˈeiːˌriksˌsɔːn]; Norwegian: Leiv Eiriksson
4. ^ Adam mentions Vinland (Winland) in Chapter 39 of Book IV of his Gesta: 'In addition, he [i.e., Sweyn Estridsson, king of Denmark (reigned 1047–1076)] named one more island in this ocean, discovered by many, which is called "Vinland", because vines grow wild there, making the best wine. For [that] crops [that are] not sown, abound there, we learn not from fanciful opinion but from the true account of the Danes.' Adam von Bremen (1917). Schmeidler, Bernhard (ed.). Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte [Hamburg's Church History] (in Latin and German). Hannover and Leipzig, Germany: Hahnsche. pp. 275–276.
5. Freydis Eiriksdottir est considérée comme une demi-sœur ou sœur selon la saga : sœur selon la Saga des Groenlandais et demi-sœur selon la Saga d'Erik le Rouge.
6. Cordell, Linda S.; Lightfoot, Kent; McManamon, Francis & Milner, George (2009), L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site, Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 82, ISBN 978-0-313-02189-3, <https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82>.  Архивная копия от 30 декабря 2016 на Wayback Machine
7. Leif Eriksson (англ.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. Дата обращения: 9 октября 2021. Архивировано 9 октября 2021 года.
8. Congressional Record, V. 145, Pt. 21, November 17, 1999 to December 3, 1999 (англ.). Government Printing Office. Дата обращения: 9 октября 2021. Архивировано 9 октября 2021 года.
9. ^ În islandeza modernă prenumele este Leifur și în norvegiana modernă Leif sau Leiv. Numele patronimic este anglicizat în diverse feluri, precum Ericson, Eriksson, Ericsson, Erickson, Erikson și Eiriksson.